Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, was founded in 1835 by settlers from Tasmania on the traditional lands of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation. Unlike many Australian cities, it was established without the approval of the British government, but quickly grew due to its fertile land and location on the Yarra River. The discovery of gold in the 1850s sparked a massive population boom, transforming Melbourne into one of the wealthiest cities in the world during the Victorian gold rush. This era gave rise to much of its grand architecture and cultural institutions. By the late 19th century, it had earned the nickname “Marvellous Melbourne.” Today, it remains a vibrant, multicultural hub known for its arts, food, and sporting culture, layered with rich Indigenous and colonial histories.